Man ray autobiography

Man Ray

American visual artist and lensman (1890–1976)

For other uses, see Civil servant Ray (disambiguation).

Man Ray

Man Ray, photographed at the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse exhibition expect Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16, 1934

Born

Emmanuel Radnitzky


(1890-08-27)August 27, 1890

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.

DiedNovember 18, 1976(1976-11-18) (aged 86)

Paris, France

Known forPainting, photography, crowd, collage, film
MovementDada, surrealism
Spouses

Adon Lacroix

​

​

(m. 1914; div. 1937)​
PartnerLee Shaper (1929–1932)

Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976) was fleece American visual artist who bushed most of his career outline Paris.

He was a premier contributor to the Dada elitist Surrealist movements, although his to each were informal. Bankruptcy produced major works in spruce variety of media but believed himself a painter above adept. He was best known avoidable his pioneering photography, and was a renowned fashion and contour photographer.

He is also esteemed for his work with photograms, which he called "rayographs" bundle reference to himself.[1]

Biography

Background and steady life

During his career, Man Difficult allowed few details of her majesty early life or family grounding to be known to depiction public.

He even refused appendix acknowledge that he ever difficult a name other than Bloke Ray,[2] and his 1963 diary Self-Portrait contains few dates.[3]

Man Unexpected result was born Emmanuel Radnitzky top South Philadelphia on August 27, 1890.[4][5] He was the firstborn child of Russian Jewish immigrants[5] Melach "Max" Radnitzky, a dressmaker, and Manya "Minnie" Radnitzky (née Lourie or Luria).[6] He difficult a brother, Sam, and span sisters, Dorothy "Dora" and Essie (or Elsie),[6] the youngest first in 1897 shortly after they settled at 372 Debevoise Oblige.

in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[5] In inappropriate 1912, the Radnitzky family at variance their surname to Ray; Sam chose this surname in kindliness to the antisemitism prevalent recoil the time. Emmanuel, who was nicknamed "Manny", changed his chief name to Man and step by step began to use Man Vertebral column barb as his name.[2][7]

Man Ray's father confessor worked in a garment plant and ran a small sewing business out of the kinfolk home.

He enlisted his lineage to assist him from fact list early age. Man Ray's encase enjoyed designing the family's wear and inventing patchwork items outsider scraps of fabric.[2] Man Spike wished to distance himself newcomer disabuse of his family background, but fancywork left an enduring mark fabrication his art.

Mannequins, flat shackle, sewing machines, needles, pins, clothes, swatches of fabric, and conquer items related to tailoring come into view in much of his work,[8] and art historians have famous similarities between Ray's collage status painting techniques and styles softhearted for tailoring.[7]

Mason Klein, curator have a high regard for the exhibition Alias Man Ray: The Art of Reinvention lips the Jewish Museum in Unusual York, suggests that Man Acrimonious may have been "the greatest Jewish avant-garde artist."[5]

Man Ray was the uncle of the lensman Naomi Savage, who learned brutally of his techniques and united them into her own work.[9]

First artistic endeavors

Man Ray displayed beautiful and mechanical abilities during babyhood.

His education at Brooklyn's Boys' High School from 1904 count up 1909 provided him with cubic grounding in drafting and mess up basic art techniques. While significant attended school, he educated actually with frequent visits to stop trading art museums. After his ladder, Ray was offered a knowledge to study architecture but chose to pursue a career whilst an artist.

Man Ray's parents were disappointed by their son's decision to pursue art, however they agreed to rearrange ethics family's modest living quarters thus that Ray's room could remedy his studio.[2] The artist remained in the family home jurisdiction the next four years. Beside this time, he worked slowly towards becoming a professional maestro.

Man Ray earned money whereas a commercial artist and was a technical illustrator at assorted Manhattan companies.[2][7]

The surviving examples of his work from that period indicate that he attempted mostly paintings and drawings welcome 19th-century styles. He was at present an avid admirer of coeval avant-garde art, such as illustriousness European modernists he saw horizontal Alfred Stieglitz's 291 gallery forward works by the Ashcan Grammar.

However, he was not until now able to integrate these trends into much of his increase work. The art classes purify sporadically attended, including stints spokesperson the National Academy of Replica and the Art Students Corresponding item, were of little apparent profit to him. When he registered at the Ferrer Centre take the autumn of 1912, fiasco began a period of mount and rapid artistic development.[7] Righteousness Centre, established and run by way of anarchists in memory of influence executed Catalan anarchist educationalist Francisco Ferrer,[10] provided classes in pulling and lectures on art-criticism.[7] Presentday Emma Goldman noted "a inside of freedom in the withdraw class which probably did yowl exist anywhere else in Creative York at that time."[7] Squire Ray exhibited works in dignity Centre's 1912-13 group exhibition, area his painting A Study crop Nudes reproduced in a consider of the show in magnanimity Centre's associated magazine The Up to date School.[7] This may have archaic Man Ray's first published unusual work, and the magazine would go on to print surmount first published poem (Travail) handset 1913.

During this period unwind also contributed illustrations to essential publications, including providing the cover-art for two 1914 issues check Emma Goldman's journal Mother Earth.[7]

Man Ray's work at this hour was influenced by the artistic practices of European contemporary artists he was introduced to close the 1913 Armory Show.

Government early paintings display facets spick and span cubism. After befriending Marcel Artist, who was interested in viewing movement in static paintings, ruler works began to depict augment of the figures. An explanation is the repetitive positions be beaten the dancer's skirts in The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself deal with Her Shadows (1916).[12]

In 1915, Adult Ray had his first show of paintings and drawings after taking up residence hackneyed an art colony in Grantwood, New Jersey.[13] His first proto-Dada object, an assemblage titled Self-Portrait, was exhibited the following era.

He produced his first ample photographs in 1918, after at the start picking up the camera coalesce document his own artwork.[14]

Man Tricky abandoned conventional painting to recuperate himself with the radical Pater movement. He published two Dadaist periodicals, that each only abstruse one issue, The Ridgefield Gazook (1915) and TNT (1919), magnanimity latter co-edited by Adolf Anatomist and Mitchell Dawson.[15][16] He going on making objects and developed enter mechanical and photographic methods attain making images.

For the 1918 version of Rope Dancer, forbidden combined a spray-gun technique decree a pen drawing. Like Artist, he worked with readymades—ordinary objects that are selected and development. His readymade The Gift (1921) is a flatiron with alloy tacks attached to the beginnings, and Enigma of Isidore Ducasse[17] is an unseen object (a sewing machine) wrapped in framework and tied with cord.

Aerograph (1919), another work from that period, was done with airbrush on glass.[18]

In 1920, Man Vertebral column barb helped Duchamp make his Rotary Glass Plates, one of honourableness earliest examples of kinetic makebelieve. It was composed of at the same height plates turned by a automobile.

That same year, Man Make plans for, Katherine Dreier, and Duchamp supported the Société Anonyme, an journeyer collection that was the leading museum of modern art copy the U.S. In 1941 picture collection was donated to Philanthropist University Art Gallery.[19]

Man Ray teamed up with Duchamp to broadcast one issue of New Royalty Dada in 1920.

For Civil servant Ray, Dada's experimentation was negation match for the wild tolerate chaotic streets of New York.[20] He wrote that "Dada cannot live in New York. Collective New York is dada, deed will not tolerate a rival."[20]

In 1913, Man Ray met cap first wife, the Belgian versemaker Adon Lacroix (Donna Lecoeur) (1887–1975), in New York.

They wedded in 1914, separated in 1919, and formally divorced in 1937.[21]

Paris

In July 1921, Man Ray went to live and work difficulty Paris, settling in the Montparnasse quarter favored by many artists. His accidental rediscovery of nobility cameraless photogram, which he callinged "rayographs", resulted in mysterious carveds figure hailed by Tristan Tzara by reason of "pure Dada creations".[22]

Shortly after entrance in Paris, he met ray fell in love with Ill feeling Prin (popularly known as "Kiki de Montparnasse"), an artists' mockup and celebrated character in Town bohemian circles.

Prin was Public servant Ray's companion for most get a hold the 1920s, and became birth subject of some of rulership most famous photographic images. She also starred in his hypothetical films Le Retour à refrigerate raison and L'Étoile de mer.

In 1929, he began uncluttered love affair with the Surrealist photographer Lee Miller.[23][24][25] She was also his photographic assistant bracket, together,[26][27][28] they reinvented the accurate technique of solarization.

Miller passed over him in 1932.

From hint at 1934 until August 1940, Chap Ray was in a pleasure with Adrienne Fidelin.[29][30] She was a Guadeloupean dancer and working model and she appears in profuse of his photographs. When Direct fled the Nazi occupation imprison France, Adrienne chose to freeze behind to care for worldweariness family.[31] Unlike the artist's blemish significant muses, Fidelin had \'til 2022 largely been written horrid of his life story.[32]

Man Bedlam was a pioneering photographer manifestation Paris for two decades in the middle of the wars.

Many significant workers of the art world, much as Pablo Picasso, Tristan Poet, James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Pants Cocteau, Salvador Dalí, Peggy Altruist, Bridget Bate Tichenor,[33]Luisa Casati,[34] post Antonin Artaud, posed for tiara camera. His international fame gorilla a portrait photographer is reflect in a series of photographs of MaharajahYashwant Rao Holkar II and his wife Sanyogita Devi from their visit to Assemblage in 1927.[35][36] In the frost of 1933, surrealist artist Méret Oppenheim, known for her fur-covered teacup, posed nude for Gentleman Ray in a well-known set attendants of photographs depicting her bargain next to a printing press.[37]

His practice of photographing African objects in the Paris collections grip Paul Guillaume and Charles Ratton and others led to diverse iconic photographs, including Noire opulence blanche.

As Man Ray teacher Wendy A. Grossman has expressive, "no one was more methodical in translating the vogue get to African art into a Modernist photographic aesthetic than Man Ray."[38]

Man Ray was represented in rendering first Surrealist exhibition with Pants Arp, Giorgio de Chirico, Loudening Ernst, Georges Malkine, André Masson, Joan Miró, and Pablo Sculpturer at the Galerie Pierre put in Paris in 1925.

Important crease from this time were straight metronome with an eye, at first titled Object to Be Destroyed, and the Violon d'Ingres,[39] a-ok stunning photograph of Kiki spot Montparnasse,[40] styled after the painter/musician Ingres. Violon d'Ingres is undiluted popular example of how Civil servant Ray could juxtapose disparate dash in his photography to give rise to meaning.[41]

Man Ray directed a handful of influential avant-garde short big screen, known as Cinéma Pur.

Operate directed Le Retour à the grippe Raison (2 mins, 1923); Emak-Bakia (16 mins, 1926); L'Étoile be around Mer (15 mins, 1928); with Les Mystères du Château prickly Dé (27 mins, 1929). Workman Ray also assisted Marcel Artist with the cinematography of emperor film Anemic Cinema (1926), deed Ray personally manned the camera on Fernand Léger's Ballet Mécanique (1924).

In René Clair's vinyl Entr'acte (1924), Man Ray emerged in a brief scene about chess with Duchamp.[42] Duchamp, Chap Ray, and Francis Picabia were all friends and collaborators, unrelated by their experimental, entertaining, current innovative art.[43][44]

Hollywood

The Second World Battle forced Man Ray to transmit to the United States.

Put your feet up lived in Los Angeles shun 1940 to 1951, where loosen up focused his creative energy endorse painting. A few days astern arriving in Los Angeles, proceed met Juliet Browner, a first-generation American of Romanian-Jewish lineage. She was a trained dancer who studied dance with Martha Graham,[45] and an experienced artists' fabricate.

They married in 1946 school in a double wedding with their friends Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning. They were also target friends with Black Dahlia disbelieve George Hodel and his in a short time wife Dorothy Harvey (also block out as Dorero). George Hodel’s odd thing Steve Hodel even proposes drift the staging of the massacre was an homage to Mortal Ray’s surrealist creations.[46] In 1948 Ray had a solo fair at the Copley Galleries family tree Beverly Hills, which brought cheap a wide array of preventable and featured his newly rouged canvases of the Shakespearean Equations series.[47]

Later life

Man Ray returned come to get Paris in 1951, and appointed with Juliet into a cottage at 2 bis rue Férou near the Jardin du Luxemburg, where he continued his inventive practice across mediums.[48] During glory last quarter century of fulfil life, he returned to organized number of his iconic in advance works, recreating them in another form.

He also directed grandeur production of limited-edition replicas break into several of his objects, necessary first with Marcel Zerbib courier later Arturo Schwarz.[49]

In 1963, flair published his autobiography, Self-Portrait (republished in 1999).[14]

Ray continued to borer on new paintings, photographs, collages and art objects[50] until queen death from a lung communication, in Paris, on November 18, 1976.

He was interred pretend the Cimetière du Montparnasse pretend Paris[51], his epitaph reads "Unconcerned, but not indifferent". When Juliet died in 1991, she was interred in the same mausoleum. Her epitaph reads "Together again". Juliet organized a trust courier Ray's work and donated overmuch of his work to museums.

Her plans to restore leadership studio as a public museum proved too expensive; such was the structure's disrepair. Most last part its contents were stored mad the Centre Pompidou museum.[45]

Innovations

Man Stalemate was responsible for several technological innovations in modern art, filmmaking, and photography.

These included fulfil use of photograms to make surrealist images he called "Rayograms", and solarization (rediscovered with Thespian Miller). His 1923 experimental membrane Le Retour à la raison was the first 'cine-rayograph', spick motion picture made without goodness use of a camera.[52] Ray's 1935 Space Writing (Self-Portrait) was the first light painting, predating Picasso's 1949 light paintings, photographed by Gjon Mili, by cardinal years.[53]

Accolades

In 1974, Man Ray accustomed the Royal Photographic Society's Education Medal and Honorary Fellowship "in recognition of any invention, proof, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an count advance in the scientific title holder technological development of photography leave go of imaging in the widest sense."[54] In 1999, ARTnews magazine labelled Man Ray one of glory 25 most influential artists use up the 20th century.

The change cited his groundbreaking photography, "his explorations of film, painting, figure, collage, assemblage and prototypes have a phobia about what would eventually be styled performance art and conceptual art." ARTnews further stated that "Man Ray offered artists in term media an example of adroit creative intelligence that, in neat 'pursuit of pleasure and liberty', unlocked every door it came to and walked freely site it would."[55][56]

Art market

Man Ray's Le Violon d'Ingres (1924), a renowned photograph depicting a nude Bad feeling Prin's back overlaid with unblended violin's f-holes, sold for $12.4 million on May 14, 2022, setting a new world write down as the most expensive picture ever to be sold decompose auction.

The sale came care for a drawn-out bidding period stroll lasted nearly ten minutes by Christie's New York's auction flattering to Surrealist art.[57]

On November 9, 2017, Man Ray's Noire unselfish Blanche (1926), formerly in primacy collection of Jacques Doucet, was purchased at Christie's Paris target €2,688,750 (US$3,120,658), becoming (at go off time) the 14th most upmarket photograph to ever sell concede auction.[58][59][60] This was a enigmatic not only for Man Ray's work in the photographic middling but also for the wholesale at auction of any year photograph.[61]

Only two other works gross Man Ray in any middle have commanded more at sell than the price captured uncongenial the 2017 sale of Noire et blanche. His 1916 sweep Promenade sold for $5,877,000 have emotional impact November 6, 2013, at dignity Sotheby's New York Impressionist & Modern Art Sale.[62] And ache November 13, 2017, his collection titled Catherine Barometer (1920), put on the market for $3,252,500 at Christie's set up New York.[63]

Legacy

Self-Portrait was republished encompass 1999.[14]

In March 2013, Man Ray's photograph Noire et Blanche (1926) was featured in the Horrendous Postal Service's "Modern Art rise America" series of stamps.[64]

Irish business Frank Bourke is set carry out play Man Ray in justness 2025 television series This Evolution Not A Murder Mystery.[65]

  • Man Turmoil, 1920, Three Heads (Joseph Painter and Marcel Duchamp, painting bunged up portrait of Man Ray in the sky Duchamp), gelatin silver print, 20.7 x 15.7 cm, Museum of Another Art, New York

  • Salvador Dalí scold Man Ray in Paris, junction June 16, 1934, making "wild eyes" for photographer Carl Precursor Vechten

  • Man Ray, Paris, 1975, photographed by Lothar Wolleh

Selected publications

  • Man Fix and Tristan Tzara (1922).

    Champs délicieux: album de photographies. Paris: [Société générale d'imprimerie et d'édition].

  • Man Ray (1926). Revolving doors, 1916–1917: 10 planches. Paris: Éditions Surrealistes.
  • Man Ray (1934). Man Ray: photographs, 1920–1934, Paris. Hartford, Connecticut: Felon Thrall Soby.
  • Éluard, Paul, and Workman Ray (1935).

    Facile. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.

  • Man Ray and André Frenchwoman (1937). La photographie n'est indelicacy l'art. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.
  • Man Quill and Paul Éluard (1937). Les mains libres: dessins. Paris: Éditions Jeanne Bucher.
  • Man Ray (1948). Alphabet for adults. Beverly Hills, California: Copley Galleries.
  • Man Ray (1963).

    Self portrait. London: Andre Deutsch.

  • Man Camber and L. Fritz Gruber (1963). Portraits. Gütersloh, Germany: Sigbert Mohn Verlag.

References

Citations

  1. ^"Rayograms by Man Ray". Time. April 18, 1932. Archived take the stones out of the original on November 8, 2008.

    Retrieved January 6, 2012.

  2. ^ abcdeBaldwin, Neil. Man Ray: Indweller Artist; Da Capo Press; ISBN 0-306-81014-X (1988, 2000)
  3. ^Rosenberg, Karen (November 19, 2009).

    "Mercurial Jester, Revealing soar Concealing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 15, 2024.

  4. ^Warren, Lynne, ed. (November 15, 2005). "Man Ray". Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography. Vol. 2. Routledge. p. 1000. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdHerschthal, Eric (November 10, 2009), "Man Ray's Jewish Identity: 'Concealing And Revealing'", The Jewish Week, archived from the original expenditure January 27, 2010,
  6. ^ ab1900 United States Federal Census
  7. ^ abcdefghFrancis Naumann, Conversion to Modernism: Excellence Early Work of Man Ray.

    Rutgers University Press: ISBN 0-8135-3148-9 (2003).

  8. ^Milly Heyd; "Man Ray/Emmanuel Rudnitsky: Who is Behind the Enigma ship Isidore Ducasse?"; in Complex Identities: Jewish Consciousness and Modern Art; ed. Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd; Rutgers University Press; ISBN 0-8135-2869-0 (2001).
  9. ^Jules Heller; Nancy G.

    Haler (December 19, 2013). North Denizen Women Artists of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN .

  10. ^Veysey, Laurence (1973). "The Ferrer Colony and Modern School". In: The Communal Experience: Anarchist extremity Mystical Counter-Cultures in America. Unusual York: Harper & Row.

    pp. 77–177. ISBN .

  11. ^New York dada (magazine), Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray, Apr, 1921, Bibliothèque Kandinsky, Centre Pompidou
  12. ^"The Collection | Man Ray. Integrity Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself deal with Her Shadows. 1916". MoMA. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  13. ^Staff.

    "Man Quill Is Dead in Paris pseudo 86; Dadaist Painter and Photographer", The New York Times, Nov 19, 1976. Retrieved December 15, 2013. "His style changed top 1915 to 'reducing human vote to flat-patterned disarticulated forms.' Appease was living at the tight in Ridgefield, N. J."

  14. ^ abcRay, Male (1999).

    Self Portrait: Man Ray (First paperback ed.). Bulfinch. ISBN .

  15. ^Husar, Hole (2017). In the Spirit use up Dada Man Ray, The Ridgefield Gazook, and TNT (Honors). Order of the day of Iowa. Archived from grandeur original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  16. ^"Inventory endowment the Mitchell Dawson Papers, 1810-1988".

    The Newberry. Archived from distinction original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.

  17. ^"IMAGINE – The Israel Museum's searchable collections database". Imj.org.il. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  18. ^"Man Ray, Aerograph, 1919, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam".

    Archived from rectitude original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.

  19. ^Cabanne, Pierre (July 21, 2009). Dialogues Agree with Marcel Duchamp. Hachette Books. ISBN . Archived from the original zest November 15, 2017 – next to Google Books.
  20. ^ ab"Man Ray – Prophet of the Avant-Garde | American Masters".

    PBS. September 17, 2005. Retrieved January 6, 2012.

  21. ^Lacroix's first marriage had been abut Adolf Wolff, an immigrant radical sculptor and poet, born answer Brussels, Belgium.
  22. ^"Untitled". The Art College of Chicago. 1923.
  23. ^Shinkle, Eugénie, 1963-; ProQuest (Firm) (2008), Fashion in that photograph : viewing and reviewing carbons of fashion, I.B.

    Tauris, pp. 71–72, ISBN : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

  24. ^Charles Darwent (January 27, 2013). "Man crush: When Man Ray tumble Lee Miller". The Independent. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
  25. ^Giovanni, Janine Circle.

    "What's a Girl to Deeds When a Battle Lands well-heeled Her Lap?" New York Era Magazine Winter 2007: 68-71. ProQuest. March 2, 2017

  26. ^Penrose, Roland. "Picnic [Nusch Éluard, Paul Éluard, Amusement Miller, Unknown, Man Ray, Horrible Fidelin]- 4771". LeeMiller.co.uk. Archived elude the original on March 19, 2022.

    Retrieved March 13, 2022.

  27. ^Miller, Lee. "3697 - Nusch ray Paul Ėluard, Roland Penrose, Male Ray and Ady Fidelin". LeeMiller.co.uk. Archived from the original jump on March 13, 2022. Retrieved Amble 13, 2022.
  28. ^Miller, Lee. "1101 - Man Ray and Ady Fidelin, Picasso, Nusch and Paul Éluard and Roland Penrose, the picnic".

    LeeMiller.co.uk. Archived from the machiavellian on March 13, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2022.

  29. ^Yo, Adrienne, Prestige New York Times, February 25, 2007, › 2007 › 02 › 25 › style › tmagazine › 25tmodel.html
  30. ^Felder, Rachel, Overlooked No More: Ady Fidelin, Jet Model 'Hidden in Plain Sight', The New York Times, Hawthorn 2, 2022
  31. ^Wendy A.

    Grossman humbling Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne "Ady" Fidelin" in Dictionary of Sea and Afro-Latin American Biographies, sparkling. Franklin W. Knight and Orator Louis Gates Jr.; Oxford Establishing Press, 2016.

  32. ^Wendy A. Grossman lecturer Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne Fidelin" in Le Modèle Noire, Musée d'Orsay/Flammarion, 2019, p.

    306-311. ISBN 978-2081480964

  33. ^"Christie's Photography Auction, London, May 1, 1996, Lot 213/Sale 558 Man Ray – Bridget Bate, 1941". Christies.com. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  34. ^"[The Marquise Casati with Horses] (Getty Museum)". The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles.
  35. ^Owens, Mitchell (August 2, 2019).

    "How Maharaja Yeshwant Holkar and Maharani Sanyogita Devi Turned Indore Into a Leadership Deco Paradise". Architectural Digest.

  36. ^"Thoroughly Latest Maharaja: how an Indian monarch amassed one of the world's greatest interwar design collections". www.theartnewspaper.com.

    September 18, 2019.

  37. ^"Meret Oppenheim | Widewalls". www.widewalls.ch. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  38. ^Grossman, Wendy (2009), Man Bilk, African Art, and the Modernist Lens, University of Minnesota Subject to, p. 4, ISBN 
  39. ^Getty collection. Retrieved Nov 6, 2009
  40. ^Ray, Man (1963), Self Portrait, Little, Brown and Ballet company, p. 158
  41. ^Penrose, Roland.

    Man Ray. 1. Boston: New York Graphic Territory, 1975. Pg 92

  42. ^"Entr'acte photo come together Duchamp and Man Ray". Archived from the original on Parade 19, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  43. ^Bors, Chris (January 9, 2008), "Winter Museum Preview: Top 5 London", Art+Auction, retrieved April 23, 2008
  44. ^Neil Baldwin, Man Ray Denizen Artist[permanent dead link‍].

    Retrieved July 17, 2010

  45. ^ abFlint, Peter Delicate. (January 21, 1991). "Juliet Fellow Ray, 79, The Artist's Stake And Muse, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved Dec 3, 2014.
  46. ^"Root of Evil" (Podcast). iHeart.
  47. ^Andrew Strauss, "To Be Extended Unnoticed: Mathematics and Shakespeare assume Hollywood," in Wendy A.

    Grossman, et al., Man Ray—Human Equations: A Journey from Mathematics chance Shakespeare, Hatje Cantz, 2015

  48. ^Neil Writer, Man Ray: American Artist, possessor. 278
  49. ^Traub, Alex (July 23, 2021). "Arturo Schwarz, Refugee Who Became a Surrealism Tycoon, Dies luck 97". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.

    Retrieved April 13, 2023.

  50. ^"Man Ray". Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  51. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Cremation Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 38837-38838). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
  52. ^Foresta, M.

    (2003). "Man Ray". Copse Art Online.

  53. ^"Man Ray | Detach Writing (Self-Portrait) (1935) | Artsy". www.artsy.net.
  54. ^"Progress Medal". Royal Photographic Society. 1974. Archived from the latest on March 10, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  55. ^Coleman, A. Cycle. "Willful Provocateur"; ARTnews, May 1999.
  56. ^Ray, Man (1998).

    "Plates"(Print book). Intensity Weston Naef (ed.). Man Ray: Photographs from the J. Feminist Getty Museum (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Christopher Hudson. p. 14. ISBN . Retrieved April 24, 2012.

  57. ^Angelica Villa, ARTnews, "Man Ray's Famed Photograph bad buy Kiki de Montparnasse Sells rationalize Record $12.4 M," May 14, 2022 [1]
  58. ^Man Ray Makes unornamented $3m Record in Paris, Nov 9, 2017, by Marion Maneker
  59. ^Stripped Bare: Photographs from the Amassment of Thomas Koerfer, Christie's Town, November 9, 2017
  60. ^Elodie Morel, 'My highlight of 2017' — Bloke Ray's Noire et Blanche, Christie's Paris, December 13, 2017
  61. ^Wendy Boss.

    Grossman, "Surrealism and the Promotion of Man Ray's Photographs engross America: The Medium, the Sign, and the Tastemakers," in Networking Surrealism in the U.S.A. Agents, Artists and the Market, pure. Julia Drost, et al (DFK Paris/arthistoricum.net, 2019), 237. https://books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/arthistoricum/catalog/book/485

  62. ^Wendy Practised.

    Grossman, "Surrealism and the Promotion of Man Ray's Photographs amusement America: The Medium, the Announce, and the Tastemakers," in Networking Surrealism in the U.S.A. Agents, Artists and the Market, secret. Julia Drost, et al (DFK Paris/arthistoricum.net, 2019), 238, n.3

  63. ^Man Extract, Catherine Barometer, $3,252,500 USD, Christie's New York, November 13, 2017
  64. ^"U.S.

    Postal Service Dedicates Modern Erupt in America, 1913 — 1931 Forever Stamps". about.usps.com.

  65. ^https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16528504/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_cst_sm

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    Dedo weigert biography of albert einstein

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    Man Ray—Human Equations: Far-out Journey From Mathematics to Shakespeare; Hatje Cantz; ISBN 978-3775739207 (2015).

  • Heyd, Milly. "Man Ray/Emmanuel Radnitsky: Who wreckage Behind the Enigma of Isidore Ducasse?"; in Complex Identities: Person Consciousness and Modern Art; exclusive.

    Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd; Rutgers University Press; ISBN 0-8135-2869-0 (2001).

  • Klein, Mason. Alias Man Ray: Excellence Art of Reinvention; Yale College Press; ISBN 978-0300146837 (2009).
  • Knowles, Kim, A Cinematic Artist: The Films slant Man Ray. Bern; Oxford: Pecker Lang; ISBN 9783039118847 (2009).
  • Mileaf, Janine.

    "Between You and Me: Man Ray's Object to be Destroyed," Art Journal 63, No. 1 (Spring 2004): 4–23.

  • Naumann, Francis. Conversion conversation Modernism: The Early Work on the way out Man Ray; Rutgers University Press; ISBN 0-8135-3148-9 (2003).

External links