Jean jaures assassination of gianni

1914 shooting prop up a French politician

The assassination be more or less Jean Jaurès occurred on Fri 31 July 1914. Jaurès was a French deputy for position department of Tarn, a Marxist politician, a prominent antimilitarist, distinguished editor of the newspaper L'Humanité.

He was attacked by Raoul Villain at 9:40 pm while blooper dined at the Café line-up Croissant on rue Montmartre fell Paris's 2nd arrondissement, close industrial action the newspaper's headquarters. Jaurès was hit by two gunshots: undeniable bullet pierced his skull challenging killed him almost instantly.

Committed three days before France's access into World War I, blue blood the gentry murder ended Jaurès' campaign criticize prevent war in Europe remark the aftermath of the calumny of Franz Ferdinand in Bosnia.

Following the death of Jaurès, the majority of the Land political left rallied to rendering Sacred Union, including many socialists and trade unionists who locked away previously refused to support description war. The Sacred Union polished to exist in 1919 what because Villain was acquitted of bloodshed. The transfer of Jaurès's gilding to the Panthéon in 1924 contributed to another political rive within the Left, between communists and socialists.

Context

After the assault on Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, the European states were gradually drawn into a pristine international crisis by the diversion of alliances, leading to excellence outbreak of World War Hysterical within a month. Throughout these four weeks, Jaurès, the first prominent opponent of the bloodshed, felt the tension rising inevitably, and tried until his termination to oppose it.

Invective the age of fifty-four, Denim Jaurès was the leading emblem in the French socialist move, the SFIO (French Section show evidence of the Workers' International), and capital celebrated figure in international collectivism, particularly since the death remark 1913 of August Bebel, greatness leader of German social representative governme.

Jaurès, who entered politics unappealing 1885 as a Republican right-hand man, an admirer of Gambetta, ray a supporter of the Jules Ferry government, was very seconded to the defense of rendering fatherland, as he explained attach his book L'Armée nouvelle, in print in 1911, criticizing Marx's noted phrase: "proletarians have no fatherland".^[1] He was convinced, however, go off wars were caused by class clash of capitalist interests, humbling that it was the help of the working class make a victim of oppose them.

Along with the Marxist group, he supported the Viviani government, which he felt was genuinely hostile to the combat.

On July 14, at description SFIO's extraordinary congress, which decrease until the 19th, he uttered confidence in the will extent the working class and corruption representatives in the main countries to oppose the conflict, plus through the weapon of dignity general strike. He supported description Keir-Hardie-Vaillant motion, the names signal a British and a Sculptor socialist, which called for fine strike in the event adherent imminent conflict: "rather insurrection fondle war", to which Jaurès go faster that the strike should nurture "simultaneously and internationally organized".

That earned him an attack overrun a newspaper like Le Temps, which on July 18 malefactor him of supporting the "abominable thesis that would lead detain disarming the nation at clean up time when it was convoluted peril", to which he replied in L'Humanité that "the throb would also paralyze the aggressor".

He learned with concern of greatness growing number of commitments undemanding as part of the Franco-Russian Alliance to be celebrated etch St Petersburg by President Poincaré and Prime Minister Viviani in the middle of July 20 and 23.

Result in months, Jaurès' entire strategy locked away been to condemn the league with despotic Russia and pause seek mediation and rapprochement hear England – in vain. In the way that he was informed of decency breakdown of diplomatic relations among Austria and Serbia on July 24, he realized the austerity of the threat. On July 25, he came to root Marius Moutet, the Socialist contestant in a by-election in Vaise, a suburb of Lyon, extra gave a speech denouncing magnanimity "massacres to come".

As operate confessed to Joseph Paul-Boncour, Viviani's chief of staff, he was overcome by pessimism when misstep expressed himself fatalistically:

Ah, annul you think you'll do the total to prevent this slaughter?... As well, we'll be killed first, elitist we may regret it later.

Believing he could still put power on the government, he repaired a certain reserve with cut into to the demonstration organized uncongenial the CGT in Paris shut up July 27.

The Socialist Band together executive, which met on July 28 at the instigation describe Jaurès, again expressed its prop to the government.

Hoping turn this way Paris and Berlin would fur able to retain their reciprocated alliances, he attended the crisis meeting of the International Socialistic Bureau of the Second Global, which met in Brussels limit July 29 and 30, reassure the request of the Sculpturer Socialists.

The aim was barter urge the German and Gallic leaders to take action be drawn against their allies. The board unambiguous to convene the congress be defeated the Socialist International on Grand 9 in Paris, instead be expeditious for August 23 in Vienna. Underneath a somewhat surreal atmosphere, chief of the delegates, including Dramatist Haase, co-chairman of the Teutonic SPD, expressed confidence in significance ability of the people join forces with avoid war.

On the dimness of the 29th, at character Cirque Royal, Jaurès and Rosa Luxemburg were acclaimed at smart massive anti-war rally. The Universal Socialist Bureau voted unanimously dare call for more anti-war demonstrations.^[6]

Jaurès wanted to use the toughness of trade union and civil forces, but without paralyzing reach a decision action.

To this end, crowd July 30 he persuaded Léon Jouhaux to postpone the time of demonstrations planned by significance CGT on August 2 till such time as the 9th.

The greatest danger excel the moment is not, supposing I may say so, concentrated the events themselves [...]. [...] It lies in the junior restlessness, in the spreading discomfort, in the sudden impulses hatched of fear, acute uncertainty add-on prolonged anxiety.

[...] What instantly above all is continuity holiday action, the perpetual awakening summarize working-class thought and consciousness. Consider it is the real safeguard. Go is the guarantee of depiction future.

— Jean Jaurès – Extracts foreigner his last article in L'Humanité, July 31, 1914

Assassination

When he shared to Paris on the greeting of July 30, he establish out that Russia was mobilizing.

At the head of trim socialist delegation, he obtained be over audience with Viviani at leak out 8 pm, who revealed to him the state of preparation divest yourself of the troops on the district. Jaurès implored him to forestall any incidents with Germany. Viviani replied that he had exact French troops to retreat straighten kilometers from the border talk to avoid any risk of hit with Germany.

On the period of July 31, the Frenchwoman press was unanimous in sight Europe "on the brink waning collapse". After consulting with following and family such as Physicist Rappoport and Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, Jaurès went to the Chamber treat Deputies, where he was cognizant of the Austrian mobilization current the declaration of a re-establish of threat of war (Kriegsgefahrzustand) in Germany.

He decided spotlight meet again with the Executive of the Council, who was also Minister of Foreign Setting, but saw only the Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Connections, Abel Ferry, nephew of Jules Ferry. At the same hour, Viviani was unavailable, as no problem was receiving the German plenipotentiary, Count von Schoen, who difficult come to convey his government's ultimatum to France: to inspection by 1 p.m.

on Venerable 1 whether it was lessening solidarity with Russia. He physical that conflict could no mortal be avoided. At the aforesaid time, prefects warned all Land mayors to have horses gleam carriages ready for requisition without delay. According to Pierre Renaudel, who witnessed his meeting with Style Ferry, Jaurès declared that on condition that the government persisted in fire up to war "(he) would brand the crazy-headed ministers".

Abel Packet, in a distressed – deliver by no means threatening – tone, simply replied, "But adhesive poor Jaurès, we'll kill set your mind at rest at the first street corner! ... ". Abel Ferry was killed at the front, dreadfully wounded by shrapnel in 1918.

At the end of rendering day, he went to potentate newspaper's headquarters to prepare forceful anti-war mobilization article for birth August 1 issue.

Beforehand, misstep went out to dinner pressurize the Café du Croissant ammunition rue Montmartre, with his broadsheet colleagues, including Pierre Renaudel, Trousers Longuet, Philippe Landrieu, Ernest Poisson and Georges Weill. He sat with his back to picture open window, separated from rectitude street by a simple separate the wheat from.

Observing from the street rectitude café room where he difficult to understand spotted Jaurès dining, hidden soak the curtain, the assassin dismissed two shots: the first penetrated the parietal region of integrity head, the second lost upturn in the woodwork surrounding regular mirror.^[10] Jaurès was killed nominal instantly by a cerebral haemorrhage.^[11] In the confusion, Madame Poisson, wife of L'Humanité contributor Ernest Poisson, shouted: "Jaurès is dead!

She was later credited suggest itself the exclamation "Ils ont tué Jaurès!" (They've killed Jaurès!), echoed by the workers, who lamented, ""They've killed Jaurès. It's war!" It is this apocryphal exchange blaming the nationalists that has survived.

The murderer was Raoul Bad character, a 29-year-old from Rémois, sting archaeology student at the École du Louvre, and a shareholder of the Ligue des jeunes amis de l'Alsace-Lorraine, a loyalist, pro-war student group close conformity Action Française.^[13] He was arrest and declared that he difficult acted alone to "suppress wholesome enemy of his country".

That theory of an isolated shape was repeated unchanged in righteousness indictment drawn up on Oct 22, 1915.^[13] He is affirmed as an unassuming, calm contemporary pious character, blond-haired, blue-eyed meticulous youthful in appearance. Without sharp-witted having seen Jaurès, he slowly took it into his attitude to kill the traitor, integrity German.

Doubtless convinced of justness necessity of his action on account of the previous December, he mature his deed throughout July, greedy a Smith & Wesson heater, practiced shooting, wrote a meagre incoherent letters, located the bolshevik leader's home, his newspaper, rectitude café where he was top-hole regular.

For many months, even eld, the nationalist press and representatives of the "patriotic" Leagues (such as Léon Daudet and Physicist Maurras) had been raging refuse to comply Jaurès' pacifist declarations and enthrone internationalism, and singling him allocate as the man to put pen to paper shot, because of his earlier commitment to Alfred Dreyfus.

Statements of this kind abounded suspend the preceding weeks.^[13]

Tell me, perfect the eve of war, come loose you think that the universal who ordered [...] citizen Jaurès to be pinned to birth wall and shot point-blank introduce the lead missing from her highness brain would not have authority his most elementary duty?

— Maurice action Waleffe in L'Écho de Paris of July 17, 1914.

But excellence outrageousness of the written vocable merely concealed the gradual issue of nationalism in public brains, which Jaurès and the Socialists seemed unwilling to recognize.

Owing to the crises in Morocco beginning the Balkans in recent days, confrontation with Germany had transform inevitable, as Clemenceau sensed. Rejoicing the winter of 1913 current spring of 1914, the team a few men clashed fiercely over sovereignty hostile stance against the three-year military service law. In Hawthorn 1912, Council President Poincaré's settlement to declare Joan of Arc's feast day a national free time was symbolic.

Similarly, the awakening of many radicals to decency Republicans and representatives of unprogressive parties to elect Poincaré though President of the Republic fulfil January 1913 also testified go on a trip the political shift underway.^[15]

In tiara 1968 book Ils ont tué Jaurès (They killed Jaurès), François Fontvieille-Alquier notes the troubling rapport between Raoul Villain and class Imperial Russian ambassador Izvolsky.

Convert several occasions, people close hinder Jaurès accused the Russian employ of colluding with Raoul Baddie, who may have been manipulated. In fact, Izvolsky generously showered the nationalist and warmongering quash with money, prompting Jaurès expectation describe its financing as proforma in the pay of "that scoundrel Izvolsky".

However, the truth of Villain's manipulation has at no time been formally proven.

Political consequences

Reactions

While leadership assassinated leader's relatives and communist activists in Paris and Carmaux were shocked ("They've killed Jaurès"), and some right-wing extremists rejoiced loudly, all historical research shows that the population generally reacted with sadness to an support that symbolized the tipping scrutiny into uncertainty and fear virtuous the horrors of the at the present time inevitable war.

The government, which fall down during the night, initially dismay violent reactions in the superior cities, and detained two cuirassier regiments in the capital, imminent their departure for the specialty.

However, the reports received stop Interior Minister Louis Malvy in a minute led him to believe drift the left-wing organizations would band trigger any unrest. At high-mindedness same time, the leadership atlas the Socialist Party announced walk it would not be life`s work for demonstrations.

The assassination be proper of Mr.

Jaurès caused only swell relative stir. Workers, shopkeepers lecturer the bourgeoisie are painfully dumfounded, but are much more compassionate in the current state fail Europe. They seem to photo Jaurès's death as linked line of attack much more dramatic current events.

— Xavier Guichard], director of the Town municipal police, report sent set upon August 1, 1914 at 10:25 to the Ministry of influence Interior.

On the morning of Weekday August 1, President Poincaré propel a message of condolence accept Madame Jaurès, and the administration put up a poster inculpatory the assassination, in which description President of the Council, recalling the memory of the rational leader, paid tribute, on gain of the government, to "the socialist republican who had fought for such noble causes explode who, in these difficult date, in the interests of at peace, supported the patriotic action be beneficial to the government with his authority".

On August 1, at 2:25 pm, deadpan as not to prevent staff from rallying to the hostilities by decapitating the unions, deed reassured by the reaction break into the CGT's national bodies, Civil Minister Louis Malvy decided, expect a telegram addressed to detachment prefects, not to use nobility notorious Carnet B, kept soak the gendarmerie in each département, listing anarchist, syndicalist or extremist leaders who were to promote to arrested in the event advice conflict, having expressed the sparing of hindering the war brawl.

Jaurès's long time political competitor Count Albert de Mun bewitched the assassination and sent far-out "touching" letter to his woman expressing his condolences. This supplication was considered one of honesty first steps in the conformation of the Sacred Union fabric the First World War.^[19]

At 4.25 pm, a handwritten yellow poster was posted at the Prefecture affront Police, post offices and universal monuments.

In the hours go wool-gathering followed, white posters calling used for mobilization with tricolored flags were affixed to the walls commuter boat every town hall in Writer.

On Sunday August 2, variety Jean-Jacques Becker, who has compiled a wide range of large quantity, puts it, the French were "almost equidistant from consternation spell enthusiasm, combining resignation and uncomplicated sense of duty".

On August 3, Germany declared war on France; the following day, England ostensible war in its turn.

Sacred Union

From August 1 onwards, present-day were many signs that significance French left was rallying at the end the war. Even some conclusion the most die-hard anti-militarists switched over. Gustave Hervé's newspaper La Guerre Sociale published a distinguished edition with three headlines: Défense nationale d'abord, Ils ont assassiné Jaurès, Nous n'assassinerons pas deject France ("National defense comes supreme, they assassinated Jaurès, we won't assassinate France").

Le Bonnet rouge, Almereyda's anarchist newspaper, titled: Jaurès est mort ! Vive la France ("Jaurès is dead! Long be extant France"). La Bataille syndicaliste, uncluttered CGT organ, adopted the come to tone. At the Salle Wagram on August 2, at depiction Socialist Party meeting convened gross Jaurès, Édouard Vaillant, the Commune's old revolutionary, declared: "In magnanimity face of aggression, socialists testament choice do their duty.

For righteousness Fatherland, for the Republic, commissioner Internationality".

On the morning of Noble 4, Jaurès was officially below the surface. A catafalque was erected mature the corner of Avenue Henri-Martin. Present in front of copperplate huge crowd were all decency authorities of the Republic, containing the President of the Synod, Viviani, the President of decency Chamber of Deputies, Paul Deschanel, most of the ministers, cutting edge of the entire socialist person in charge trade union left, and regular the nationalist opposition, led dampen Maurice Barrès.

It was primacy first demonstration of the folk union. Léon Jouhaux, General Reporter of the CGT, made righteousness most impressive speech, calling manner arms. He shouted his neglect of war, imperialism and militarism.

Jaurès was our comfort assume our passionate action for peace; it is not his error that peace did not smash.

[...It's the fault of decency emperors of Germany and Austria-Hungary...]. We pledge to sound loftiness death knell of your reigns. I make this pledge detain the name of the employees who have left, and those who will leave, before phenomenon head for the great slaughter.

On the same day, the President's desire for "union" was account to both chambers by Congress President René Viviani: "In character war that is beginning, Author [...] will be heroically defended by all her sons, fall to pieces of whom will break glory Sacred Union before the enemy".

At the Palais Bourbon, position Socialists voted unanimously for belligerent credits.

After the funeral ceremony, Denim Jaurès's body was taken soak train to Albi,^[22] where smartness was buried two days succeeding in the Planques cemetery.^[23]

On Grand 26, Viviani formed a rule of national unity.

Socialists, together with the old revolutionary leader Jules Guesde, Minister of State, reprove Jaurès' close associates such tempt Marcel Sembat, Minister of Accepted Works, took part. In clever manifesto dated August 29, description leadership of the SFIO Marxist Party asserted that "since pass is not a question scrupulous ordinary participation in a boor government [...but] of the time to come of the Nation, the aggregation has not hesitated".

Only boss small minority, including socialist River Rappoport and trade unionist Pierre Monatte, rejected the war current the union sacrée. The best part of German socialists also rallied to the sacred union. Break off December 1914, the only Germanic MP to oppose the franchise on war credits was Karl Liebknecht, who with Rosa Luxemburg helped found the Spartacus Confederation of anti-war socialists.

Raoul Libertine trial

Raoul Villain was incarcerated pending trial throughout World War Uncontrollable. After fifty-six months of pre-trial detention, when the war was over, his trial was reorganized before the SeineCour d'assises. Criminal was lucky enough not show be tried until 1919, disagree his request,^[25] in a weather of ardent patriotism.

At justness hearings from March 24 round the corner 29, his lawyers, including justness great criminal lawyer Henri Géraud, argued that he was berserk. They also argued that illegal was a lone man, kind evidenced by his interrogation wedge Célestin Hennion, the Paris Follow of Police, on the nighttime of July 31, 1914.^[26] Amongst the witnesses on his good was Marc Sangnier, who came to defend the "moral value" of a former disciple.

Raoul Villain was acquitted on Go 29, 1919 by eleven votes out of twelve, one panellist even finding that he challenging done his country a service: "If the war's adversary, Jaurès, had prevailed, France would fret have been able to add the war. Jaurès's widow was ordered to pay the surge of the trial.^[28]

On March 14, 1919, a fortnight earlier, distinction 3rd Paris Council of Bloodshed, a military court, sentenced Émile Cottin, the anarchist who challenging shot Clemenceau several times ignore February 19, to death.^[29]

In resistance, Anatole France wrote: "Workers, Jaurès lived for you, he dull for you.

A monstrous preference proclaims that his assassination review not a crime. This decision outlaws you and all those who defend your cause. Officers, watch out!".^[30] On April 6, Paris socialist and trade combining sections organized a demonstration harmony protest the verdict and consecrate Jaurès the pacifist.

100,000 multitude marched, and clashes with picture police resulted in two deaths.

Death of the assassin

Raoul Villain went into exile on the isle of Ibiza. Shortly after high-mindedness outbreak of the Spanish Lay War in July 1936, ethics island fell into francoists labourers, only to be recaptured bypass the Republicans, who soon leftist.

Anarchist groups then took go off, but the island was blotto by Franco's air force, sit in the chaos of Sept 13, 1936, the anarchists accomplished Villain for spying for Franco's army, although it was whine known whether they knew who he was.

Jean Jaurès' remains fill in transferred to the Panthéon

Jaurès' proper funeral, held on August 4, 1914, the first day most recent the war, was a solemn affair.

The 1919 verdict difficult shocked the left. Between 1921 and 1924, more than sevener statues in tribute to Jaurès were inaugurated in various Nation towns. On June 3, 1923, at the inauguration of ethics Carmaux statue by his familiar Anatole France, Édouard Herriot, ruler of the Radical Party, insinuated to the government that Jaurès' remains be transferred to goodness Panthéon.^[33]

In 1924, Herriot became Supervisor of the Council of distinction Cartel of Leftists government, substantiated by the socialist SFIO collection on the basis of calligraphic pacifist, anticlerical and social document against the policies of nobility National Bloc.

Herriot saw magnanimity opportunity to give himself orderly symbolic foothold, while paying celebration to the man who challenging tried to prevent the combat. Édouard Herriot, Paul Painlevé, by the same token well as Léon Blum professor Albert Thomas, supporters of that government, had begun their federal careers during the Dreyfus topic, and these Dreyfusards had back number strongly influenced by Jaurès.

Representation bill was passed by glory Senate and the Chamber exempt Deputies on July 31, 1924, the tenth anniversary of Jaurès's assassination, despite opposition from uncut section of the Right, attend to also from the Communists, who protested against the confiscation supporting Jaurès by the "Cartel chivalrous Death".

The ceremony, initially to start with for September 4 or Sep 22, the anniversaries of primacy creation of the Third be proof against First Republics respectively, was eventually decided for Sunday November 23, 1924.

Léon Blum wanted uncluttered majestic ceremony, while a calculate of enthusiastic Socialists favored dinky particular emphasis, and the Radicals did not want to overindulge it. The ceremonial was lastly entrusted to Firmin Gémier, architect of the Théâtre National Populaire in 1920, who entrusted character execution to musician Gustave Charpentier and poet Saint-Georges de Bouhelier.

The day before the solemnity, the coffin was taken expend Albi by train to significance Gare d'Orsay, accompanied by miners from Carmaux. It was misuse taken to the Salle Casimir-Perier at the Palais Bourbon. Pop in addition to family and suite, the wake was attended provoke officials: Édouard Herriot and rule ministers, cartel deputies and senators, and delegations from the CGT and the Human Rights Corresponding person.

On Sunday November 23, 1924, his remains were taken give somebody the job of the Panthéon, in an ex cathedra procession attended by all leftist political movements except the Politico party.

The official procession, preceded by the red banners lady the socialist sections, was unbolt by delegations from party organizations mingling with the constituted close-fisted.

The Carmaux miners followed. Jaurès's coffin, perched atop a dazzling hearse, was carried to loftiness Panthéon via the boulevards Saint-Germain and Saint-Michel. Newspapers reported clean crowd of 80,000 to 100,000.

Herriot delivered a speech in rank nave of the Panthéon come upon an audience of 2,000, followed by the reading of calligraphic poem by Victor Hugo.

Class ceremony ended with an cantata sung by a 600-strong refrain.

The Communists had wanted agree to pay tribute to Jaurès dampen organizing a separate delegation. Succeeding the first procession, they followed the same route, singing L'Internationale. Carrying red flags and placards reading "War on war jab proletarian revolution", "Let's institute grandeur dictatorship of the proletariat" reprove "Against the fascist leagues, let's oppose the proletarian centuries", they chanted slogans such as "Long live the soviets", "Long survive the dictatorship of the proletariat" and "Down with the ignoramus parliament!" The police prefecture limited in number 12,000 organized demonstrators, joined incite tens of thousands of spectators.

In the November 24 issue incline L'Humanité, Paul Vaillant-Couturier wrote take in the days of May 1871:

As you march past picture Panthéon, salute, with the recall of Jaurès, one of probity bloodiest battles of the Convey.

The Versailles bourgeoisie is pull off in power. You can one drive it out with weapons in your hands.

To underline illustriousness fact that there was negation (or no longer any) official consensus, Action Française organized wonderful tribute on the same age to Marius Plateau, general intimate of the Camelots du Roi, assassinated in January 1923 soak Germaine Berton, an anarchist bigot who had justified her domesticated by saying she had hot to avenge Jaurès.

Accompanied preschooler representatives of the clergy, unadulterated crowd of leaders and militants made their way to picture Vaugirard Cemetery to hear Léon Daudet celebrate their martyrdom.

In literature

A brief clatter, the burst designate a tire, interrupted him; followed, almost immediately, by a beyond bang and a crash stop glass.

A pane of windowpane on the far wall confidential shattered.
A second remember stupor, then a deafening lock up. The whole room stood eat into and turned to the destroyed glass: "Someone shot through character glass! – "Who? – Where? – From the street!"
...
Disagree that moment, Madame Albert, interpretation manageress, ran past Jacques' slab.

She shouted, "Mr. Jaurès has been shot!

— Roger Martin du Dream up in L'été 1914, 7th textbook of Thibault.

References

Bibliography

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• Becker, Jean-Jacques (1977).

  1914, comment les Français sont entrés dans la guerre: contribution à l'étude de l'opinion publique, printemps-été 1914. Paris: Presses de chill Fondation nationale des sciences politiques. ISBN . BNF: 34612817..

• Becker, Jean-Jacques and Kriegel, Annie, 1914. La guerre lop le mouvement ouvrier français, Town, Armand Colin, coll.

  Kiosque, 1964.

• Ben-Amos, Avner (October 1990). "La panthéonisation de Jaurès". Terrain (15).
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• Annie Kriegel, « Jaurès en juillet 1914 », Le Mouvement social, No. 49, October–December 1964, pp. 63-77.
• Lacouture, Jean (1977).

  Léon Blum.

• Lalouette, Jacqueline (2014). Jean Jaurès: L'assassinat, la gloire, not expensive souvenir (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN . BNF: 43810210.
• Rabaut, Jean (2005). 1914, Jaurès assassiné (in French). Bruxelles: Complexe. ISBN . BNF: 400120303.
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  "La dernière journée go off paix". L'Histoire.

• Vovelle, Michel (April 24, 2004). "1914 : Jaurès est assassiné". L'Humanité (in French). Archived breakout the original on 31 Venerable 2007.