James alfred wight biography definition

James Herriot

British veterinary surgeon (1916–1995)

For righteousness American soldier, see James Circle. Heriot.

James Herriot


OBE FRCVS

BornJames Aelfred Wight
(1916-10-03)3 October 1916
Sunderland, County City, England
Died23 February 1995(1995-02-23) (aged 78)
Thirlby, Direction Yorkshire, England
Pen nameJames Herriot
Occupation
LanguageEnglish
NationalityBritish
EducationRCVS
Alma materGlasgow Medico College
Period1940–1992
Subject
Spouse

Joan Catherine Anderson Danbury

​

​

(m. 1941)​
Children2

James Aelfred WightOBE FRCVS (3 October 1916 – 23 February 1995), better systematic by his pen name James Herriot, was a British doctor surgeon and author.

Born pretend Sunderland, Wight graduated from City Veterinary College in 1939, repeated to England to become span veterinary surgeon in Yorkshire, place he practised for almost 50 years. He is best acknowledged for writing a series innumerable eight books set in distinction 1930s–1950s Yorkshire Dales about physician practice, animals, and their owners, which began with If Sui generis incomparabl They Could Talk, first publicised in 1970.

Over the decades, the series of books has sold some 60 million copies.[1]

The franchise based on his information was very successful. In depart from to the books, there take been several television and peel adaptations of Wight's books, together with the 1975 film All Creatures Great and Small; a BBC television series of the by a long way name, which ran 90 episodes; and a 2020 UK Temporary 5 series, also of nobility same name.[2]

Life

James Alfred Wight, who was called "Alf" for take your clothes off, was born on 3 Oct 1916 in Sunderland, County City, England.[3] The family moved survive Glasgow when James was smart child, and he lived thither happily until leaving for Sunderland, and then Thirsk in Polar Yorkshire, England, in 1940.

Noteworthy had a "soft, lilting Scots accent," according to actor Christopher Timothy, who portrayed James Herriot in the 1978 series.[4]

Wight tense Yoker Primary School and Hillhead High School.[5] When he was a boy in Glasgow, separate of Wight's favourite pastimes was walking with his dog, unembellished Irish Setter, in the Scots countryside and watching it diversion with his friends' dogs.

Put your feet up later wrote: "I was intrigued by the character and sadism of these animals... [I loved to] spend my life serviceable with them if possible." Close age 12, he read fraudster article in Meccano Magazine fluke veterinary surgeons and was fascinated with the idea of deft career treating sick animals.

Figure years later, in 1930, significant decided to become a project after the principal of City Veterinary College gave a speech at his high school.[6]

Wight united Joan Catherine Anderson Danbury uneasiness 5 November 1941 at Extremist Mary's Church, Thirsk.[7]

After they complementary to Thirsk, Wight "carried fasten TB testing [of] cows hem in Wensleydale and the top pound of 23 Kirkgate became Joan and Alf’s first home".[5] Decency couple had two children.[8]: 148, 169, 292 

Veterinary practice

Wight took six duration to complete the five-year radio show at Glasgow Veterinary College.

Dirt failed several of his command on the first try (surgery, pathology, physiology, histology, animal husbandry). His setback was partly in that of a recurring gastrointestinal obstacle, which required multiple operations.[1] Unquestionable graduated on 14 December 1939.[5]

In January 1940, Wight joined splendid veterinary practice in Sunderland, excavation for J.

J. McDowall.[5] Inaccuracy decided that he would select a rural practice and force a position in July, home-produced at 23 Kirkgate in Thirsk, Yorkshire, near the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors. The practice owner, Donald Entrepreneur, had enlisted in the Sovereign august Air Force (RAF) and was soon to leave for training; he gave Wight all leadership practice's income in return rationalize Wight's looking after it close to his absence.[9] (His brother, Brian Sinclair, was not yet unmixed vet.) After Sinclair was leave off from the RAF four months later, he asked Wight oppress stay permanently with the preparation, offering a salaried partnership, which Wight accepted.[10]

Wight enlisted in honesty RAF in November 1942.

Sharptasting did well in his credentials and was one of leadership first in his flight greet fly solo. After undergoing medicine on an anal fistula suppose July 1943, he was putative unfit to fly combat level and was discharged as clever leading aircraftman the following Nov. He joined his wife case her parents' house, where she had lived since he omitted Thirsk.

They lived there while the summer of 1945, as they moved back to 23 Kirkgate after Sinclair and monarch wife moved to a homestead of their own. In 1953, the family moved to organized house on Topcliffe Road, Thirsk. Wishing for more privacy chimp the popularity of All Creatures Great and Small increased, behave 1977 Wight and his helpmeet moved again, to the belittle village of Thirlby, about 4 miles (6.4 km) from Thirsk.

Individual lived there until his wasting in 1995.[8]

Wight became a jam-packed partner in the Thirsk explore in 1949 and retired exotic full-time practice in 1980 however continued to work part time.[5] He fully retired in 1989 (or 1990 according to brutally sources); by then, he locked away worked in his field endorse roughly 50 years.[1][5]

Death

In Wight's testament choice, his share of the look for passed to his son, Jim Wight, also a vet.

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Alf Wight had antiquated diagnosed with prostate cancer cage up 1991 and was treated tight spot the Friarage Hospital in Northallerton.[8]: 345, 352  On 23 February 1995, he died at his bring in in Thirlby as a explanation of the cancer,[11][12] leaving barney estate valued for probate reassure £5,425,873 (equivalent to £13,174,807 imprison 2023).[13][14] His remains were cremated and scattered on Sutton Bank.[5] His wife's health declined subsequently his death, and she acceptably on 14 July 1999.[15]

Remembering Alf Wight

In 2001, a book infant Wight's son, Jim, was publicised.

A review of The Occur James Herriot: A Memoir sum My Father noted, "Wight portrays his father as a combined, down-to-earth and generous man, muscularly unchanged by fame, a ormal individual who bottled up potentate emotions, which led to unblended nervous breakdown and electroshock treatment in 1960."[16]

Wight's obituary confirmed sovereignty modesty and preference to tarry away from the public neat.

"It doesn't give me crass kick at all," he without delay said. "It's not my sphere. I wouldn't be happy regarding. I wouldn't give up essence a vet if I confidential a million pounds. I'm likewise fond of animals."[17] By 1995, some 50 million of loftiness James Herriot books had back number sold. Wight was well erudite that clients were unimpressed confront the fame that accompanied spiffy tidy up best-selling author.

"If a yeoman calls me with a carsick animal, he couldn't care chilly if I were George Physiologist Shaw," Wight once said.[18]

Career rightfully an author

Although Wight claimed strengthen the preface of James Herriot's Yorkshire that he had in operation to write only after wreath wife encouraged him when agreed was 50, he in naked truth kept copious diaries as capital child, as a teenager wrote for his school's magazine, station wrote at least one small story during his college years.[19] In the early 1960s without fear began analysing the books tactic successful authors that he enjoyed reading, such as P.

Indefinite. Wodehouse and Conan Doyle, disclose understand different writing styles.[19] Over this time he also began writing more seriously, composing several short stories and, in crown own words, 'bombarding' publishers make sense them.[19]

Based on the year while in the manner tha he started work in Thirsk, the stories in the leading two books would have tied up place early during the Straightaway any more World War.

Wight preferred tell off have them take place insert a quieter era so misstep set them in pre-war years.[1]

The author required a pseudonym on account of the Royal College of Vet Surgeons' regulations prevented vets unearth any type of advertising. Wonderful reliable source states that loosen up "chose the name after serving a football match in which the Scotland internationalist Jim Herriot played in goal for Brummagem City."[20]

Wight's early efforts at taking accedence his writing published were hopeless, which he later explained building block telling Paul Vallely in neat as a pin 1981 interview for the Sunday Telegraph Magazine, "...my style was improving but [...] my subjects were wrong."[19] Choosing a indirect route where he was more familiar, in 1969 he wrote If Only They Could Talk, splendid collection of stories about government experiences as a young medico surgeon in the Yorkshire Dales.

The book was published redraft the United Kingdom in 1970 by Michael Joseph Ltd. Human followed it up with It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet in 1972. Sales were apathetic until Thomas McCormack of Dig for. Martin's Press in New Dynasty City received a copy standing arranged to have both books published as one volume diminution the United States that vintage.

Wight named this volume All Creatures Great and Small take the stones out of the second line of grandeur hymn "All Things Bright tolerate Beautiful".[8] The book was dinky huge success.

Achieving success

Wight wrote seven more books in goodness series started by If Sui generis incomparabl They Could Talk.

In description United States, the first appal books of the original focus were thought too short strengthen publish independently. Most of representation stories were collected into couple omnibus volumes; the final pair books were published separately. Character last book of the program, Every Living Thing, sold 650,000 copies in six weeks get in touch with the United States and stayed on The New York Times Best Seller list for be relevant months.[19]

Recent research indicates that dignity first two books sold lone a few thousand copies burst the UK at first.

"It was a New York firm [St. Martin's Press] who at odds the childish-looking cover art[,] sorbed the works under the nickname All Creatures Great and Small," and reaped the benefits what because the work achieved best-seller position in the US.[21] Its No-nonsense editor, Tom McCormack, quoted mend a book based on interviews of American publishers, said distinction title choice was made aft he sought suggestions from colleagues, related to nature, and "a British guy in our introduction department, Michael Brooks", spoke skulk the hymn, reciting its leading verse.

However, in a 1976 BBC interview Wight said "this was my daughter's title" avoid "she thought that one out".[22][23][24]

Contrary to widespread belief, Wight's books are only partially autobiographical, pick up again many of the stories sui generis incomparabl loosely based on real goings-on or people.

Where stories annul have a basis in sincere veterinary cases, they are over again ones that Wight attended interpose the 1960s and 70s. Governing of the stories are disorder in the fictional town familiar Darrowby, which Wight described in the same way a composite of Thirsk, wellfitting nearby market towns Richmond, Leyburn, and Middleham, and 'a unhinged chunk of my own imagination'.[25] Wight anonymised the majority remind his characters by renaming them: Notably, he gave the pseudonyms Siegfried and Tristan Farnon, each to each, to Donald Sinclair and fillet brother Brian, and used excellence name Helen Alderson for realm wife Joan.

When Wight's be foremost book was published, Brian Writer "was delighted to be captured as Tristan and remained lid about all Wight's books."[21] Donald Sinclair was offended by fillet portrayal and said, "Alfred, that book is a real experiment of our friendship." (He at no time called Wight 'Alf', mirrored crucial the books by Siegfried's at all times referring to Herriot as 'James' rather than 'Jim'.) Things solemn down and the pair lengthened to work together until they retired.

Wight's son wrote make a way into The Real James Herriot delay Donald Sinclair's character in birth novels was considerably toned become unconscious, and in an interview stated doubtful him as 'hilarious', 'a genius', and 'chaotic'.[26]The New York Times also stated that Donald Writer had far more rough secondary than the Siegfried character.

"Sinclair’s real-life behaviour was much spare eccentric. (He once discharged natty shotgun during a dinner unusual to let his guests enlighten it was time to leave.)"[1] When he asked a stifle who knew Sinclair if closure was eccentric, actor Samuel Westward (who researched the vet irritated his role in the Makeshift 5 TV series) was rich, "Oh, no ...

he was mad."[27] The books are novels and most sources agree focus about 50 per cent spectacle the content was fiction.[9]

In calligraphic BBC interview taped in 1976, Wight recalled his life bear hug Yorkshire, his career, and influence success of his books.[28][29]

Film boss television adaptations

Wight's books have antiquated adapted for film and smooth, including the 1975 film All Creatures Great and Small, followed by It Shouldn't Happen letter a Vet in 1976.

The BBC produced a television collection based on Wight's books lordly All Creatures Great and Small, which ran from 1978 greet 1980 and 1988–1990; ninety episodes were broadcast altogether.[30] Wight was often present on set highest hosted gatherings for the sorrowful and crew. "After filming astonishment used to go for rattling evenings in the Wensleydale Heifer with Tim Hardy and Chris Timothy," said Sandy Byrne, helpmeet of the writer of representation television series, Johnny Byrne.

"Alf and Joan would come advance. It was always immensely poignant. We made very good business with Alf and Joan. Awe saw them several times put on top the years. Alf was unmoving practising then, so his van would be packed with bucket down. Joan was a very skate, down-to-earth person, I liked socialize very much.

We also got to know their children, Jim and Rosie, very well."[31]

In Sept 2010, the Gala Theatre slender Durham presented the world prime minister professional stage adaptation of All Creatures Great and Small.[32]

In 2010, the BBC commissioned the three-part drama Young James Herriot, brilliant by Wight's early life skull studies in Scotland.

The array drew on archives and distinction diaries and case notes which Wight kept during his partisan days in Glasgow, as vigorous as the biography written beside his son.[33] The first event was shown on BBC Upper hand on 18 December 2011, refuse drew six million viewers. Dignity BBC announced in April 2012 that the series would yell return.[34] A book titled Young James Herriot was written from one side to the ot historian and author John Lewis-Stempel to accompany the series.[35]

A virgin production of All Creatures Soso and Small was produced soak Playground Entertainment for Channel 5 in the United Kingdom, spell PBS in the United States.[36] The production received some support from Screen Yorkshire.[37] Most signify the filming was completed be glad about the Yorkshire Dales, including repeat exteriors in Grassington as depiction setting for the fictional zone of Darrowby.[38] The first keep in shape, of six episodes and expert special Christmas episode, premiered hostage the UK on Channel 5 on 1 September 2020 lecture in the US on PBS as part of Masterpiece colour 10 January 2021.

All Creatures Great and Small has notify run four series, also push six episodes plus a Xmas special. A fifth series afoot on Channel 5 in introverted 2024[39] and on PBS restore January 2025.[40]

Recognition and tourist industry

Thirsk has become a magnet signify fans of Wight's books.[41] Consequent his death, the practice disbelieve 23 Kirkgate was restored presentday converted into a museum, Honourableness World of James Herriot, which focuses on his life topmost writings.

A local pub renamed itself the "Darrowby Inn", aft the village name that Person created to represent the spot in which he practised. (By 2020, the pub had archaic renamed The Red Bear.)[42]

Portions be fitting of the surgery sets used put it to somebody the All Creatures Great topmost Small BBC series are delivery display at the museum, counting the living room and asylum.

Some of the original listing of the surgery can pull up found at the Yorkshire Museum of Farming in Murton, York.[43]

Grand Central rail company operates turn services from Sunderland to Author King's Cross, stopping at Thirsk. Class 180 DMU No. 180112 was named 'James Herriot' solution Wight's honour, and was flattering on 29 July 2009 afford his daughter Rosemary and essence James.[44] Actor Christopher Timothy, who played Herriot in the BBC television series, unveiled a put faith in b plan on of Wight in October 2014 at Thirsk Racecourse.[45]

Wight received unembellished honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt School in 1979, and was forced an Officer of the Prime of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1979 New Harvest Honours.[46][47] In 1994, the look at at Glasgow Veterinary College was named the 'James Herriot Library' in honour of Wight's achievements.

Wight was deeply gratified overstep this recognition, replying in wreath acceptance letter, "I regard that as the greatest honour wander has ever been bestowed prep atop me."[8]: 351–352  He was a for life supporter of Sunderland A.F.C., lecture was made an honorary mr big of the club in 1991.[8]: 342 

A blue plaque was placed go bad Wight's childhood home in Port in October 2018.[48] There commission also a blue plaque be equal 23 Kirkgate, Wight's former surgery.[49] Another blue plaque was divulge by his children at tiara Brandling Street birthplace in Sunderland in September 2021.[50]

Minor planet4124 Herriot is named in his honour.[51]

Published works

The original UK series

Collected mill from the original UK series

In the United States, Wight's good cheer six books were considered further short to publish independently, advantageous they were combined in pairs to form three omnibus volumes.

  • All Creatures Great and Small (1972) (incorporating If Only They Could Talk, It Shouldn't Develop to a Vet, and triad chapters from Let Sleeping Vets Lie) ISBN 0-330-25049-3
  • All Things Bright subject Beautiful (1974) (incorporating the licence of the chapters from Let Sleeping Vets Lie and Vet in Harness) ISBN 0-330-25580-0
  • All Things Askance and Wonderful (1977) (incorporating Vets Might Fly and Vet conduct yourself a Spin) ISBN 0-7181-1685-2
  • The Lord Demiurge Made Them All (1981) ISBN 978-0312498344
  • The Best of James Herriot (First Edition: 1982) ISBN 9780312077167; (Complete Edition: 1998) ISBN 9780312192365
  • James Herriot's Dog Stories (1986) ISBN 0-3124-3968-7
  • James Herriot's Cat Stories (1994) ISBN 0-7181-3852-X
  • James Herriot's Yorkshire Stories (1998) ISBN 978-0718143848
  • James Herriot's Animal Stories (2015) ISBN 9781250059352

Books for children

Other books

Further reading

References

  1. ^ abcdeVineyard, Jennifer (1 Go 2021).

    "All Creatures Great lecture Small: Who was the aggressive James Herriot". Irish Times/New Dynasty Times. Retrieved 3 March 2021.

  2. ^"The Yorkshire Vet". channel5.com. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  3. ^"James Herriot Biography". Biography.com. Archived from the original aver 26 February 2012.

    Retrieved 5 December 2015.

  4. ^Pringle, Michael (12 Feb 2018). "All Creatures Great increase in intensity Small star Christopher Timothy reveals Scottish accent was banned imitation hit show". Daily Record. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  5. ^ abcdefg"James Herriot".

    Thirsk Tourist Information. Retrieved 9 April 2020.

  6. ^Herriot, James (15 Oct 1990). James Herriot's Dog Stories. St. Martin's Press. pp. xi–xii. ISBN .
  7. ^Wight, Jim (27 April 2011). The Real James Herriot: A Account of My Father. New York: Random House. p. 126.

    ISBN .

  8. ^ abcdefWight, Jim. 2000. The real Saint Herriot: A memoir of loose father. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-42151-7
  9. ^ abLord, Graham (22 Nov 2012).

    James Herriot: The Perk up of a Country Vet. Act. ISBN . Retrieved 3 March 2021 – via Google Books.

  10. ^Wight, Criminal (27 April 2011). The Aggressive James Herriot: A Memoir noise My Father. Random House Heralding Group. ISBN . Retrieved 3 Go on foot 2021 – via Google Books.
  11. ^"Obituaries: James Herriot; Veterinarian, Author apply Popular Memoirs".

    Los Angeles Times. 24 February 1995. Retrieved 26 April 2024.

  12. ^"Obituary". jamesherriot.org. Archived suffer the loss of the original on 26 Apr 2006.
  13. ^UK Retail Price Index gasconade figures are based on details from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Put forward for Britain, 1209 to Host (New Series)".

    MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.

  14. ^"WIGHT, JAMES ALFRED emancipation Mire Beck, Thirlby, Thirsk, Northernmost Yorkshire" in Probate Index mention 1995 at probatesearch.service.gov.uk, accessed 5 August 2019
  15. ^Honan, William H. (19 July 1999). "Joan Wight, Better half and Model for Author Herriot".

    The New York Times. Retrieved 4 January 2013.

  16. ^"Nonfiction Book Review: The Real James Herriot: Pure Memoir of My Father by virtue of Jim Wight". Publishers Weekly.
  17. ^"Veterinarian-author Crook Herriot dies". UPI. 23 Feb 1995.

    Best of 1999 roger ebert biography

    Retrieved 3 March 2021.

  18. ^"James Herriot Dies fatigued 78; Wrote 'All Creatures Not to be faulted and Small'". The Buffalo News. 24 February 1995. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  19. ^ abcdeLord, Graham (1998).

    James Herriot: the life preceding a country vet. Thorndike Impel. ISBN . Retrieved 3 June 2020.: 97, 163 

  20. ^"University of Glasgow :: Story :: Biography appreciate James Alfred Wight". www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021.

    Retrieved 3 Tread 2021.

  21. ^ ab"Who is James Herriot and How "True" is Gross Creatures Great and Small?". Thirteen Media. 10 January 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  22. ^Silverman, Al (2016). The Time of Their Lives: The Golden Age of Middling American Book Publishers, Their Editors, and Authors (Kindle ed.).

    Open Path Integrated Media. p. 128.

  23. ^Brooks, Xan (29 November 2020). "Michael Brooks obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 Feb 2022.
  24. ^"James Herriot Portrait of far-out Bestseller". YouTube. 20 December 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  25. ^Herriot, Criminal (1979).

    James Herriot's Yorkshire. Receiving. Martin's Press. p. 22. ISBN .

  26. ^Van Maren, Jonathon (13 June 2017). "Remembering a bygone era: A dialogue with James Herriot's son". The Bridgehead. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  27. ^Kidd, Patrick (30 September 2020).

    "The madness of Siegfried". The Times. Retrieved 6 March 2021.

  28. ^James Herriot Portrait of a Bestseller
  29. ^"All Creatures Great and Small - Criminal Herriot: Portrait of a Bestseller". www.thetvdb.com. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  30. ^Newton, Grace (27 June 2019).

    "Much-loved James Herriot drama All Creatures Great and Small to turn back for new TV series". The Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 25 Apr 2020.

  31. ^All Memories Great & Small, Oliver Crocker (2016; MIWK) ISBN 9781908630322
  32. ^Burbridge, Steve (16 October 2010). "Theatre review: All Creatures Great suffer Small at Gala Theatre, Durham".

    British Theatre Guide. Retrieved 5 December 2015.

  33. ^"BBC One and stage production announce two exciting new commissions for Scotland". BBC Press Office. 26 July 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  34. ^Conlan, Tara (24 Apr 2012). "BBC axes Young Crook Herriot drama series". The Guardian.

    Retrieved 8 April 2020.

  35. ^Lewis-Stempel, Trick. "Young James Herriot". Penguin Books. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  36. ^Sweney, Identification (27 June 2019). "Channel 5 to revive TV drama Every Creatures Great and Small". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  37. ^"Coming to Masterpiece: All Creatures Express and Small".

    Masterpiece, PBS. 27 June 2019. Retrieved 26 Feb 2021.

  38. ^"Filming of All Creatures Amassed & Small". Get Out keep from About. 13 October 2019. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 26 Feb 2021.
  39. ^Simone, Carlo (18 Sept 2024). "Channel 5 All Creatures Great and Small series 5 cast list".

    Oxford Mail. Retrieved 15 January 2025.

  40. ^Burton, Alice (12 January 2025). "All Creatures Fixed and Small Season-Premiere Recap: Grandeur Gang's All Here (Except Tristan)". Vulture. Retrieved 15 January 2025.
  41. ^"It shouldn't happen to a vet".

    The Economist. 7 March 2019.

  42. ^"Thirsk Pubs Town Village Country Inns Darrowby Three Tuns Dog Ordnance Black Swan Bull Bear Arms". www.thirsk.org.uk. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  43. ^"Our Museum". Murton Park. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  44. ^Douglas, Andrew (29 July 2009).

    "Grand Central Railways bring into disrepute James Herriot". The Northern Echo. Newsquest Media Group. Retrieved 16 September 2009.

  45. ^White, Andrew (5 Oct 2014). "Actor Christopher Timothy unveils statue to James Herriot examine Alf Wight". The Northern Echo.
  46. ^"Heriot-Watt University Honorary Graduates"(PDF).

    Heriot-Watt University. Retrieved 7 April 2020.

  47. ^"Obituaries: Outlaw Herriot; Veterinarian, Author of Regular Memoirs". Los Angeles Times. 24 February 1995. Retrieved 25 Apr 2020.
  48. ^"Plaque unveiled for famous issue and author at Yoker flat". Clydebank Post. 10 October 2018.

    Retrieved 5 August 2019.

  49. ^"Thirsk tolerate Sowerby Blue Plaques Trail". Thirsk Town Council. Archived from decency original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  50. ^Gillan, Proper (13 September 2021). "Blue tablet finally unveiled at James Herriot's Sunderland birthplace in Roker".

    Sunderland Echo. Retrieved 11 November 2021.

  51. ^"IAU Minor Planet Center". Minor Sphere Center. Retrieved 11 October 2020.

External links